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Rambertino Buvalelli
Rambertino di Guido Buvalelli〔His first name is also given as ''Lambertino'' (a diminutive of Lambert/Lamberto) and his surname appears in various forms in contemporary Latin: ''Bonarellis'', ''Brumarello'', ''Buraldo'', ''Bucanello'', ''Bovarellus'', and ''de Bivialdo''. "di Guido" implies that Guido (Guy) was his father's name and "Buvalelli" that the name of his grandfather or the founding father of his family was Buvalello (diminutive of Buvalo). His standardised Occitan name is Lamberti (or Ramberti) de Buvalel. Occitan variations include ''Rambertin'', ''Lambertin'', ''Rambertins'', and ''Rabertis'', as well as ''Bonarel'', ''Bonarelh'', and ''Buvarel''.〕 (1170/1180 – September 1221), a Bolognese judge, statesman, diplomat, and poet, was the earliest of the ''podestà''-troubadours of thirteenth-century Lombardy. He served at one time or other as ''podestà'' of Brescia, Milan, Parma, Mantua, Genoa, and Verona. Ten of his Occitan poems survive, but none with an accompanying melody. He is usually regarded as the first native Italian troubadour, though Cossezen and Peire de la Caravana may precede him. His reputation has secured a street named in his honour in his birthplace: the Via Buvalelli Rambertino in Bologna.
==Political career==
Rambertino was a law student at the University of Bologna in his youth and became attached to the Este court not long after. It was there that he made the acquaintance of Beatrice d'Este, whom he celebrates in all his songs. He was patronised by Azzo VI and he had strong ties to the Guelph party in Italy. He first appears as ''podestà'' of Brescia in 1201, when the ''Annales Brixienses'' ("Annals of Brescia") record that ''receptus est Rembertinus potestas'' ("Rambertino was received as ''podestà''"). He made peace that year with Cremona, Bergamo, and Mantua. In 1203 he was again in Bologna, serving as a procurator, his term in Brescia having ended. The next five years are obscure from a distance of eight hundred, but he was ''podestà'' of Milan in 1208. He appears in Milanese documents as ''Lambertinus Bonarelus'' and ''Lambertinus de Bonarellis'', but there is no doubt among historians that they are references to the troubadour.
In 1209 Rambertino was back in Bologna, where he was ''console di giustizia'' ("consul of justice"). In 1212 he was serving as ambassador for Pope Innocent IV's cardinal-legate Ugo di Sessa, soon to be Bishop of Vercelli, to Modena, but by May he had returned to Bologna. A Buvalello was procurator of Bologna again in 1212, though it is a myth that Rambertino was involved in a property dispute involving Sambuca during the guerrilla between Pistoia and Bologna that year. He was ''podestà'' of Parma in 1213.〔He is referred to in Parmesan documents under the long name and title ''dominus'' (=lord) ''Lambertinus Guidonis Buvali de Bononia''.〕 He resumed the office of consul in Bologna in 1214 and swore to uphold the league between Bologna and Reggio nell'Emilia that year. Rambertino was ''podestà'' at Mantua between 1215 and 1216, his longest term yet.〔Documents refer to him as ''Lambertinus de Bivialdo''.〕 In 1217 he was elected to the podesteria of Modena, to which he had formerly served briefly on an embassy.〔The chronicle of Marano reports that ''Lambertinus de Buvalello de Bononia potestas Mutine in MCCXVII''. A document of 5 December 1217 mentions a judgement made by a judge of the commune during the tenure of "d. Ramb.", clearly ''dominus Rambertinus''.〕 In 1218 Rambertino was named to the podesteria of Genoa and he held it for three consecutive years through 1220.〔Another Rambertino Buvalelli was ''podestà'' of Genoa in 1248.〕 It was probably in his three years at Genoa that he introduced Occitan lyric poetry to the city, which was later to develop a flourishing Occitan literary culture.
Rambertino was again offered the podesteria of Modena in 1221 but refused it because of a papal injunction of Honorius III. In that very year he was named ''podestà'' of Verona, a post he accepted, but he died in September. His obituary reads: ''MCCXXI. Hoc de mense septembris obit dominus Lambertus Buvalelli potestas Verone.''〔"1221. This month of September died lord Lambert Buvalelli, ''podestà''."〕
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